Periodontology is the branch of dentistry that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases affecting the gums and the supporting structures of the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It focuses on conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis, which, if left untreated, can lead to tooth loss. Periodontology also involves procedures such as scaling and root planing, gum grafts, and regenerative treatments to restore damaged tissues. Maintaining healthy periodontal structures is essential not only for keeping teeth in place but also for overall oral and systemic health.